1 pratyakṣam
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tarkabhāṣā
pratyakṣam
maṅgalācaraṇam
guruṃ praṇamya lokeśaṃ śiśunāmalpamedhasām |
dharmakīrtimataṃ śrutyai tarkabhāṣā prakāśyate ||
pramāṇasāmānyalakṣaṇam
iha khalu prekṣāpūrvakāriṇo'rthijanāḥ sarvapuruṣārthasiddhinimittaṃ pramāṇamanusarantīti pramāṇamādau vyutpāddyate |
pramāṇaṃ samyagjñānamapūrvagocaram | pramīyate'rtho'neneti pramāṇam | tadeva samyagjñānam, sandehaviparyāsadoṣarahitatvāt | avisaṃvādakaṃ jñānaṃ loke samyag jñānamabhidhīyate | na ca saṃśayaviparyāsajñānayoravisaṃvādakatvamasti |yathā sthāṇurvā puruṣo veti jñānasya, marīcikāsu vā jalajñānasya | apūrvo gocaro asyetyapūrvagocaram | gocaro viṣayo ghaṭādiḥ | tasmādutpannaṃ tadarthaprāpaṇayogyaṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇam ||
pramāṇasya kāryam
nanu jñānaṃ kartṛ puruṣaṃ prayojyamartha karmabhūtaṃ yadi kadācinna prāpayati tatkathamaprāpakatvāt pramāṇaṃ syāt ? ucyate | na hi jñānena puruṣo gale pādukānyāyena balādarthe pravartayitavyaḥ | api tvevaṃbhūtamidaṃ vatusvarupaṃ nānyathetyanenākāreṇa niścayo janayitavyaḥ | sa cettena kṛtaḥ, etāvataivāsya prāmāṇyamaviruddham | puruṣastu tatra prayojanavaśāt pravartatāmṛte prayojanaṃ na pravartatām , artho vā yogipiśācādibhirapahriyatām | jñānasya kimāyātam ? ||
kṣaṇikaṃ sannapi pramāṇasya saṃgatiḥ
nanvavisaṃvādakatvena jñānasya prāmāṇyam | avisaṃvādakatvaṃ ca dṛṣṭārthaprāpaṇāt | na ca yad dṛṣṭaṃ tatprāpyate, kṣaṇikatvāt kiṃ ca , rupaṃ dṛṣṭa, prāpyate ca spraṣṭavyam | tato'nyad dṛṣṭamanyat prāpyata ityapratītaprāpaṇāt kathaṃ prāmāṇyamasya saṃgacchatām | na , yadi nāma vastuto'nyadeva prāpyate tathāpi dṛṣṭameva mayā prāptamityekatvādhyavasāyāt pratītaprāpaṇamabhidhīyate | yattu marīcikādijalajñānaṃ tadaprāpaṇayogyatvādapramāṇameva ||
arthakriyāsthitiḥ
nanvidaṃ prāpaṇayogyamidaṃ netyarthakriyā prāptimantareṇa niścetumaśakyam | jñānotpattimātreṇa tu na bhrāntābhrāntayorbhedo'vadhāryate | tataśca kathaṃ tatsamyagjñānamiti cet ? naiṣa doṣaḥ | yaddyapi jñānamātrodayād vaiśiṣṭyamanayoravadhārayituṃ na śakyate, tathāpi jñānaviśeṣodayāddyathaikasya vaiśiṣṭayaṃ tathocyate | tathā hi- yadi nāma mandabuddhirutpattivaśādavisaṃvādakatvaṃ jñānasya nāvadhārayituṃ samarthaḥ , tathāpi dāhapākāvagāhanasnānapānonmajjanāddyarthakriyāṃ dūrato'nubhavato narasya darśanenoccalad dhūmādidarśanena cāvadhārayati | amandabuddhistu paṭutarapratyakṣeṇaivāvadhārayati , na tvarthakriyāprāptyā |
yadyavisaṃvādalakṣaṇaṃ prāmāṇyaṃ tadā śrotrajñānasyādhigatārthāprāpakatvāt kathaṃ prāmāṇyamini cet ? na | arthasvarupapratītirhi prāmāṇyam | tacca bāhyārthakriyāprāptimantareṇāpi sambhavati | yaduktam-
pramāṇamavisaṃvādi jñānamarthakriyāsthitiḥ |
avisaṃvādanam iti|
śabdasya śrutimātreṇaiva caritārthatvāt śrutireva tatrārthakriyāsthitiḥ | yathā ravicandrāmbudacitrādīnāṃ darśanamevārthakriyāsthitiḥ | taduktam -
jñeyasvarupasaṃvittiriṣṭā tatra kriyāsthitiḥ iti|
prathamaṃ tu prekṣāvānarthakriyārthitayā jalānalādāvarthakriyāsandehādeva pravartate |
yadi nāma tasyaiva nāsti sandeho me vartata iti tathāpi sādhakabādhakapramāṇābhāvādyuktaḥ sandeho bhavan kena vāryate iti | tasmāt
sthitametat - āsāditanirantarārthakriyāvyavahārāt paṭutarapratyakṣodayādevārtha pravartate, mandabuddhistu tādrūpyānumānāditi |
ata eva tu pratyakṣasya svataḥ prāmāṇyam | kasyacittu parataḥ | yogijñānasya svasaṃvedanasya ca svata eva prāmāṇyam | anumānasya tu niścayātmakatvāt svata eva pramāṇyam |
apūrvagocaram
tenāyamarthaḥ- prathamata eva yadvijñānaṃ viṣaye pravṛttaṃ tadeva pramāṇam , na tu tatraiva paścādbhāvi jñānāntaramapi , gṛhitagrāhitvena tasyāprāmāṇyāt | yathā ghaṭaṃ nirvikalpakena jñānena dṛṣṭvā paścāttasminneva viṣaye ghaṭo'yamiti savikalpakaṃ jñānaṃ smaraṇarupam , yathā vā parvatādau dhūmaṃ dṛṣṭvā vahniratretyanumānajñānānantaraṃ punarapi tatraiva vahniratretyanumānajñānam|
indriyādera apramāṇam
samyagjñānaṃ pramāṇamityukte sāmarthyājjaḍasvabhāvasyendriyādeḥ paricchedakatvābhāvāt prāmāṇyaṃ nirastam paricchedakatvaṃ hi boddhṛtvam |tacca jñānasyaiva nijarupam | tatkathamajñānātmana indriyādeḥ svarupaṃ bhavitumarhatīti ||
pramāṇasya dvaividhyam , pratyakṣaśabdanirvacanaṃ ca
tad dvividhaṃ pratyakṣamanumānaṃ ceti | pratigatamakṣaṃ pratyakṣam | akṣamindriyaṃ cakṣuḥ śrotraghrāṇajihvākāyākhyam | tasmādutpannaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣamabhidhīyate | nanu yadyakṣāśritaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣaṃ tadā mānasādi vakṣyamāṇaṃ jñānatrayamindriyādanutpatteḥ pratyakṣaṃ na syāt? atrocyate- pratigatamakṣamiti yaduktaṃ tatpratyakṣaśabdasyāvyutpattimātranimittaṃ pratipāditam | pravṛttinimittaṃ tu pratyakṣaśavdasāyārthasākṣātkāritvameva ruḍhivaśādavagantavyaṃ paṅkajavat | tataḥ svasaṃvedanādikamapi jñānaṃ svasaṃvedanarupamartha sākṣātkarotīti pratyakṣaśavdavācyaṃ siddhyatīti ||
anumānaśabdanirvacanam
mīyate'rtho'neneti mānam | anuḥ paścādarthe | paścānmānamanumānam | liṅgagrahaṇaliṅgaliṅgisambandhasmaraṇayoḥ paścāt yadvijñānaṃ parvatādau dharmiṇi parokṣavastvālambakaṃ tadevānumānaśabdenābhidhīyate | etacca ruḍhivaśādavagantavyam |
pramāṇasaṃkhyāvipratipattiḥ
dvividhavacanena ekaṃ trīṇi catvāri pañca ṣaḍhiti vipratipattayo nirasyante | tathā hi - pratyakṣamevaikaṃ pramāṇamiti cārvākaḥ| pratyakṣamanumānaṃ śābdaṃ ceti sāṃkhyaḥ|
pratyakṣamanumānamupamānaṃ śābdaṃ ceti naiyāyikaḥ | pratyakṣamanumānaṃ śāvdamupamānamarthapattiriti prābhākaraḥ | pratyakṣamanumānaṃ śābdamupamānamarthapattirabhāvaśceti mīmāṃsakaḥ|
dvividhavacanena dvitve prāpte pratyakṣamanumānaṃ ceti punaryaduktaṃ tadanyathādvitvanirāsārtham| tathā hi vaiyāka raṇo brūte pratyakṣaṃ śābdaṃ ceti pramāṇadvayam ||
cārvākābhimatānumānāpramāṇyanirasanam
tatra anumānasya prāmāṇyamavaśyamabhyupagantavyaṃ cārvākeṇeti pratipādyate | tathā hi - sa khalu pratyakṣalakṣaṇaṃ parapratipādanāya praṇayati | parasya ca buddhirna pratyakṣā | kiṃ tarhi kāyavāgvyāpārādikāryādanumeyā | tato'nena kāryaliṅgajamanumānaṃ balādabhyupagataṃ syāt | paralokaniṣedhāya cānupalambhākhyaṃ sādhanamācaṣṭe| ato'sau svayamevānumānena pramāṇena vyavaharati, nānumānaṃ pramāṇamiti ca bruvan kathaṃ nāma nonmattaścārvākaḥ syāt ?
śabdopamānārthāpatyabhāvānāṃ pramāṇāntaratvanirasanam
śābdaṃ ca jñānaṃ bāhyārthāvisaṃvādakatvena pramāṇameṣṭavyam | avisaṃvādakatvaṃ ca sambandhamantareṇa na saṃgacchate | na ca śabdānāṃ bāhyārthena saha kaścitsambandho'sti| tathā hi - śabdārthayoḥ sambandho bhavan tādātmyaṃ tadutpattirarvā bhavet | tatra na tāvāttādātmyaṃ śabdārthayoḥ , atyantabhedena pratibhāsanāt | tādātmyaṃ hyekatvamabhidhīyate bhinnapratibhāsayorapyekatve svīkriyamāṇe gavāśvādīnāmapyekatvaprasaṅgaḥ| nāpi tadutpattiḥ | nāpi tadutpattiḥ , anvayavyatirekābhāvāt | tasmāt tadutpattirityevaṃ vaktuṃ na śakyate | tathā hi - śabdavyāpāramantareṇa svahetoreva mṛtpiṇḍadaṇḍasalilakulālacakrādeḥ sakāśādutpadyamāno ghaṭādirartho dṛśyate | śabdo'pi bāhyārtha vinaiva puruṣecchāmātreṇa tālvādivyāpārādevotpadyate|
atha tādātmyatadutpattibhyāmanya eva vācyāvācakatvalakṣaṇaḥ śabdārthayoḥ vāstavaḥ sambandhadho'sti | evaṃ tarhyasaṃketavido'pi puruṣasya śabdāduccaritānniyatā - rthapratītiḥ prāptā, yogyatā mātreṇaiva pradīpāt ghaṭādipratītivat na caitadasti|
tathā hi -abhinavo nālikeradvīpādāyātaḥ pumānagniśabdaṃ śrutvā'pyagniśavdānna kiñcidartha pratyetīti |
atha tāṃstān saṃketānapekṣya tattadarthapratyāyanayogya evāyaṃ śabdo jāyata ityucyate | tanna | na hyevamasya prāmāṇyamavatiṣṭhate | sarvatra saṃketasya yogyatvāt |tato na jñāyate kiṃ vivakṣitārthamāha, āhosvidanyaṃ veti |
astu vā anya eva kaścitsambandhaḥ | tathā ca so'pi kena sambandhena tayoḥ sambadhda iti praṣṭavyaḥ | anyena caturthena sambandheneti cet , caturtho'pi teṣu kena sambandhena sambaddhaḥ ? pañcamena kenaciccet , so'pi kenetyanavasthāyāṃ antyāsidhdau pūrveṣāmapyasiddhiḥ |
athāsambaddha eva śabdārthayoḥ samvandha iti cet | tanna | yo na sambaddhaḥ sa kathaṃ sambandho bhavati ghaṭasyeva paṭaḥ | atha vaktavyaṃ sambandhasya tādṛśa eva svabhāvaḥ, yena sambandhāntaranirapekṣa evaṃ paraṃ sambadhnāti? taduyuktam | pramāṇasidhde hi svabhāve nottaramabhidhīyate | yathāgnerevāyamīdṛśaḥ svabhāvo yaduta dāhakatvaṃ nāma nānyasyākāśādeḥ | sambandhasiddhau tu pramāṇaṃ kiñcinnirupayanto na paśyāmaḥ | na caivaṃ vaktavyaṃ śabdaśaktisvabhāvādeva śabdānāṃ niyatārthāvyabhicāritvamiti | tathā hi - yadi ghaṭa ityayaṃ śabdaḥ svabhāvādeva kambugrīvākāraṃ vārisaṃdhāraṇasamartha padārthamabhidadhāti, tatkathaṃ saṃketāntaramapekṣya puruṣecchayā turagādikamabhidadhyāt | na hi śālibījaṃ svahetoraṅkurajananasvabhāvamutpannaṃ saṃketāntamapekṣya gardabhaṃ janayituṃ samartha syāt | nāpyāptapraṇītaśabdānāṃ prāmāṇyamabhidhātumucitam | āptatvasyaiva niścetumaśakyatvāt | tathā hi - āptatvaṃ kṣiṇadoṣatvamucyate | kṣīṇadoṣatā ca paracittavṛttiḥ kācidabhidhīyate | paracittavṛttīnāṃ durlakṣyatvāt , kāyavāgvyāpārādikāryaliṅgasyānyathā'pi vṛttidarśanāt | sarāgā api vītarāgā iva ceṣṭanta iti nyāyātkathamāptatvaṃ niścīyatāmiti | samvandhadūṣaṇena ca vaidikaśabdānāṃ prāmāṇyaṃ nirastamiti pṛthaṅnoktam | kathaṃ tarhi sarvo'yamasandigdho laukiko vyavahāra iti cet | tathā tathā saṃketena vivakṣāvaśāditi na kācit kṣatiḥ | yathoktam ' vakturabhiprāyaṃ sūcayeyuḥ śabdā' iti ||
naiyāyikasammatasyopamānapramāṇasya nirasanam
naiyāyikasyopamānaprapañcaḥ | yaḥ pratipattā gāṃ jānāti na gavayam , sa ca apadiṣṭaḥ svāminā araṇyaṃ gatvā gavayamānayeti | sa ca gavayaśabdavācyamarthamajānāno vanecaramanyaṃ tajjñaṃ puruṣaṃ pṛṣṭavān , kīdṛśo gavaya iti | sa cāha yādṛśī gaustādṛśo gavaya iti|tasyāraṇyagatasya preṣyapuruṣasya atideśa vākyārthasmaraṇasahakāri gavayasārūpyajñānaṃ kartṛ ayamasau gavayaśabdavācyo'rtha iti pratipattiṃ falasvarupāṃ janayatpramāṇam | etaccāyuktam | yatprāmāṇyaṃ nāma viṣayavattayāṃ vyāptam | na cāsya nipuṇamapi nirupayanto viṣayaṃ saṃpaśyāmaḥ | tathā hi - samākhyā nāma sambandhaḥ tasya viṣayo varṇyate | sa ca paramārthato nāsti | dṛśyatve tasyānupalambhena bādhā | adṛśyatve tasya sattāsādhakaṃ pramāṇaṃ nekṣyate | kiṃ ca -sa hi sambandhaḥ sambadhibhyāṃ bhinno'bhinno vā |yadā bhinnastadā tayoḥ sambandhaḥ kena sambandheneti vācyam |
sambandhāntarakalpanāyāmanavasthā | athābhinnastadā sambandhināveva kevalau | na samākhyā nāma sambandhaḥ kaścit | atha sambaddhabuddhijanakatvaṃ sambandhaḥ | tanna yuktam | yataḥ sambaddhāvetāviti buddhiḥ svahetubalāt sambaddhavastudvayādapi sambhāvyamānā na sambandhāntaramākṣiptuṃ prabhavati||
mīmāṃsakasammatasyopamānapramāṇasya nirasanam
evaṃ mīmāṃsakopavarṇitasyāpi prāmāṇyaṃ nirākartavyam | tathā hi, sādṛśyaviśiṣṭaḥ piṇḍaḥ piṇḍaviśiṣṭaṃ vā sādṛśyamupamānasya viṣayastena varṇyate | na ca sadṛśavastuno'tiriktaṃ sādṛśyaṃ vyavasthāpayituṃ śakyate, pramāṇenāpratītatvāt | tathā hi - yadi sadṛśādatiriktaṃ sādṛśyaṃ dṛśyaṃ syāt tadā dṛśyānulambhagrastametat | athādṛśyaṃ tadā tatpratibadhdaliṅgābhāvāt anumānādapi kathaṃ tatsidhdiḥ | sādṛśyapratyayastu svahetostathotpannena sadṛśavastunā'pi kriyamāṇo ghaṭata iti na tatpratyayādapi tatsiddhiryuktā | upamānādeva sādṛśyasiddhiriti cet ? na | yataḥ pramāṇāntarasiddhayoreva sādṛśyapiṇḍaoyoryo viśeṣaṇaviṣeṣyabhāvastasyopamānaviṣayatvaṃ tena vādinā parikaldhdapyate | tatkathaṃ sādṛśyamātrasyāpyupamānāt siddhiriti||
arthāpattipramāṇanirasanam
arthāpatterapi prāmāṇyaṃ pṛthaṅnopapadyate| tathā hi pratyakṣādipratīto yo'rthaḥ sa yena vinā nopapadyate tasyārthasya kalpanamarthāpattirityarthāpatterlakṣaṇam | atredaṃ cintyate - yo'sau pramāṇadṛṣṭo'rthaḥ , tasya yadi parikalpyamānena parokṣārthena saha kaścittādāmyalakṣaṇaḥ tadutpattilakṣaṇo va pratibandho'sti tadā svabhāvaliṅgajā kāryaliṅgajā vā'sau pratipattirityarthāpattiranumānameva | atha nāsti pratibandhaḥ , tadānīmarthāpattiḥ pramāṇameva na bhavati, asambandhāt ghaṭātpaṭapratītivaditi ||
abhāvapramāṇanirasanam
abhāvasya svarupameva tāvannopalabhāmahe, kuta eva tasya prāmāṇyaṃ bhaviṣyati | tathā hi - pratyakṣādipramāṇānāmanutpattirabhāvākhyaṃ pramāṇaṃ mīmāṃsakairabhidhīyate | tatra keyamanutpattiḥ ? kiṃ prasajyavṛtyā pramāṇānutpattimātram ? atha paryudāsavṛtyā vastvantaram? vastvantaramapi jaḍarupaṃ, jñānarupaṃ vā? jñānamapi kiṃ jñānamātram ekajñānasaṃsargivastuno jñānaṃ vā ? tatra na tāvat prasajyarupo'bhāvo yujyate | tasya sarvaśaktiśūnyatvāt paricchedakatvaṃ vā kathaṃ bhavet ? ata eva kenāpi na tatpratidyate| yadāha paṇḍitacakracūḍāmaṇiḥ-
nābhāvaḥ kasyacitpratipattiḥ pratipattiheturvā |
tasyāpi kathaṃ pratipattiḥ iti|
nāpi jaḍarupam , jaḍasya paricchedakatvābhāvāt | na hi jaḍarupaṃ śakaṭādikaṃ ghaṭaṃ paricchinattīti kvāpi dṛṣṭaṃ śrutaṃ veti | nāpi jñānamātram , deśakālasvabhāvaviprakṛṣṭasyāpi sumeruśaṃkhacakravartipiśācāderapi jñānamātrādabhāvapramāṇādabhāvaprasaṅgāt| athaikajñānasaṃsargibhūtalādivastujñānamabhāvo'bhidhīyate tadā pratyakṣaviśeṣasyaivābhāvapramāṇanāmaka raṇānnāsmākaṃ kācid vipratipattiriti | sthitametat- pratyakṣamanumānaṃ ceta dvividhameva pramāṇamiti||
pratyakṣalakṣaṇam
tatra pratyakṣaṃ kalpanāpoḍhamabhrāntam | pūrvoparamanusandhāya śabdasaṅkīrṇākārā pratītirjalpākārā vā kalpanā | yathā vijñapuruṣasya so'yaṃ ghaṭa iti pratītiḥ| bālamūkatiryagādīnāmantarjalpākārā parāmarśarupā vā pratītiḥ | tathā coktam -
abhilāpasaṃsargayogyapratibhāsapratītiḥ kalpanā ||iti||
nanu bālamūkādīnāmantarjalpākāraṃ kalpanājñānamastīti kuto niścetavyamiti ceta, vikalpakāryādiṣṭāpādānaparihārāt | dṛṣṭaṃ cedaṃ kārya bālamūkādau , īptisatārthasvīkaraṇamanīpsitārthatyajanaṃ nāma | bālamūkādivijñānasya kalpanātva sūcanena bhattoktālocanājñānaṃ savikalpakamiti pratipāditaṃ bhavati| kiṃ punaḥ kāraṇaṃ kalpanāvibhramātmakaṃ ca jñānaṃ pratyakṣaṃ na syāditi ceta ? na | arthasvarupasākṣākāri hi jñānaṃ pratyakṣamiti sarvoṣāṃ prasiddham | na ca kalpanāvibhramāvartharupaṃ sākṣātkartu samarthau | tathā hi - arthagrāhakaṃ jñānamarthasya kāryam | artho hi grāhyatvāt jñānasya kāraṇam | yathoktam -
bhinnakālaṃ kathaṃ grāhyamiti cet grāhyatāṃ viduḥ|
hetutvameva yuktijñā jñānākārārpaṇakṣamam ||iti||
kalpanājñānamarthamantareṇa vāsanāmātrādevopajāyamānaṃ kathamarthasya kāryaṃ syāt , arthena saha anvayavyatirekābhāvāt | na hi yadantareṇāpi yadbhavati tattasya kāryam , atiprasaṅgāt | yadi punaḥ kalpanājñānamarthādupajāyeta , tenāpi tadā ghaṭādirartho dṛśyeta | tataścāndhasyāpi rupadarśanaprasaṅgaḥ, na cāsti | ata evoktam -
śābdyāṃ buddhāvarthasya pratyakṣa iva pratibhāsābhāvād nāsti kalpanāyā arthasākṣātkāritvam iti||
etena yaduktaṃ pareṇaḥ
na so'sti pratyayo loke yaḥ śabdānugamādṛte |
anuviddhamiva jñānaṃ sarva śabdena bhāsate||iti||
tannirastam | tathāhi - ghaṭe purovartini uccāryamāṇe tatsamīpavarti bhūtalādijñānamuccāraṇarahitamanubhūyata eva | na ca tathā tatra śabdānugato'sti | na ca vikalpadvayaṃ sakṛditi nyāyāt ||
bhrāntajñānam
bhrāntamapi jñānaṃ nārthasākṣātkāri | bhrāntaṃ hyarthakriyāsamarthae vastuni viparyastamucyate | arthakriyākṣamaṃ ca vastusvarupaṃ deśakālākāraniyataṃ, tatkathaṃ viparītapratibhāsinā bhrāntena jñānena sākṣātkriyate | yadāha ācāryaḥ-
'timirāśubhramaṇanauyānasaṃkṣobhādyanāhitavibhramaṃ jñānaṃ pratyakṣam'||iti||
etena kāmalinaḥ śukle śaṃkhe pītapratibhāsi jñānaṃ , bhramādalātādau cakrādinirbhāsi jñānaṃ , gacchantyāṃ nāvi sthitasya caladavṛkṣādibhrāntijñānaṃ , gāḍhamarmaprahārahatasya jvalatstambhādipratibhāsi jñānaṃ ca , na pratyakṣamityuktaṃ bhavati |
nanu yadi nāma tajjñānaṃ na pratyakṣaṃ kathaṃ tato vastuprāptiriti cet? na tato vastuprāptiḥ | kiṃ tarhi , jñānāntarādeveti kecit |
pratyakṣasya cāturvidhyam
taccaturvidhaṃ- indriyajñānaṃ mānasaṃ svasaṃdanaṃ yogijñānaṃ ceti |
indriyapratyakṣam
cakṣurādīndriyapañcakāśrayeṇotpadyamānaṃ bāhyarupādipañcaviṣayālambanamindriyapratyakṣam | tatra cakṣurvijñānaṃ rupaviṣayam | śrotravijñānaṃ ca śabdaviṣayam | ghrāṇavijñānaṃ gandhaviṣayam | jihvāvijñānaṃ rasaviṣayam | kāyavijñānaṃ sparśaviṣayam|
indriyapratyakṣasya vyapadeśaḥ
indriyapratyakṣamiti vyapadeśasyāsādhāraṇakāraṇatvaṃ nimittam| yathā bherīśabdo yavāṅkara iti | idaṃ ca pratyakṣaṃ yatraiva svānurupaṃ vikalpaṃ janayati tatraiva pramāṇam , sāṃvyāvahārika pramāṇādhikārāditi ||
mānasapratyakṣam
svaviṣayānantaraviṣayasahakāriṇendriyajñānena samanantarapratyayena janitaṃ manovijñānaṃ mānasam | svaśabdenendriyajñānamabhimatam , svasya viṣayo bāhyo ghaṭādiḥ, svaviṣayasyānantaraḥ , svaviṣayānantaraḥ indriyajñānaviṣayādanyo ghaṭādirdvitīyakṣaṇaḥ | tena sahakāriṇā saha militvā , indriyajñānenopādānena samanantarapratyayasaṃjñakena yajjanitaṃ tanmānasaṃ pratyakṣamucyate | tato yaduktaṃ pareṇātraḥ
' gṛhītagrāhitvamandhabadhirādyabhāvo yogijñānasyāpi mānasatvaprasaṅgaḥ avyavahāritvaṃ ca ' iti |
tannirastam | tathā hi - dvitīyakṣaṇagrahaṇāt gṛhītagrāhitvasya nirāsaḥ | indriyajñānajanitaṃ hi mānasam | andhādīnāṃ rupādiviṣayālambanakamindriyajñānameva nāsti , kutastajjanitaṃ mānasaṃ bhaviṣyati ? ato nāstyandhabadhirādyabhāvadoṣaḥ |samanantarapratyayaviśeṣaṇena yogijñānasya mānasapratyakṣaprasaṅgo nirastaḥ| samanantarapratyayaśabdaḥ svasantānavartinyupādānajñāne ruḍhyā prasidhdaḥ | tato bhinnasantānavartiyogijñānamapekṣya pṛthagjanacittānāṃ samanantarapratyayavyapadeśo nāstīti| avyavahāritvaṃ punarasya dūṣaṇaṃ nopapadyate, sūkṣmakālabhāvitvena pṛthagjanairdurlakṣyatvāt | vyavahārāṅgetvena cānabhyupagamāt | āgamaprasiddhaṃ hi mānasapratyakṣam | na tvasya niścāyakaṃ kiñcidasti | yathoktaṃ bhagavatā-
' dvābhyāṃ bhikṣavo rupaṃ gṛhyate, cakṣuṣā tadākṛṣṭenamanasā ca ' iti ||
nanu ca vyavahārānupayuktamupadarśayituṃ kiṃ prayojanam , īdṛglakṣaṇayuktaṃ yadi mānasaṃ pratyakṣaṃ syāt , na kaściddoṣaḥ syādityāgamasyāpi viśuddhiranena pratipāditeti prayojanam ||
svasaṃvedanapratyakṣam
cittacaittānāṃ svasaṃvedanatvasamarthanam
sarvacittacaittānāmātmasaṃvedanaṃ svasaṃvedanam | cittaṃ vastumātragrāhakaṃ jñānam | citte bhāvāḥ caittāḥ , vastuno viśeṣarupagrāhakā sukhaduḥkhopakṣālakṣaṇāḥ | teṣāṃ sarvacittacaittānāmātmā saṃvidyate yena rupeṇa tatsvarupamātmasvarupasākṣatkāritvāt svasaṃvedanaṃ pratyakṣaṃ kalpanāpoḍhamabhrāntaṃ cocyate|
atra kecidāhuḥ -na ca cittacaittānāṃ svasaṃvedanaṃ ghaṭate , svātmani kriyāvirodhāt | na ca suśikṣito'pi naṭavaṭuḥ svaskandhamāroḍhuṃ śaknoti | na hi tīkṣṇā'pyasidhārā svamātmānaṃ chinatti | na hi prajjvalito'pi vahniskandha ātmānaṃ dahati | tathā cittacaittamapi kathamātmānaṃ vedayatu vedyavedakabhāvo hi karmakartṛbhāvaḥ |
karmakartṛtvaṃ ca loke bhedenaiva prasiddham , vṛkṣasūtradhārayoriva | atrocyate , na karmakartṛbhāvena vedyavedakatvaṃ jñāne varṇyate | kiṃ tarhi ? vyavasthāpyavyavasthāpakabhāvena |
yathā pradipa ātmānaṃ prakāśayati tathā jñānamapi jaḍapadārthavilakṣaṇaṃ svahetoreva prakāśasvabhāvamupajāyamānaṃ svasaṃvedanaṃ vyavasthāpyate | tathā coktam -
vijñānaṃ jaḍarupebhyo vyāvṛttamupajāyate|
iyamevātmasaṃvittirasya yā'jaḍarupatā ||iti||
alaṅkārakāreṇāpyuktam -
kalpitaḥ karmakartrādiḥ paramārtho na vidyate |
ātmānamātmanaivātmā nihantīti nirucyate ||iti||
na ca cittacaittānāṃ jñānāntareṇa prakāśyatvaṃ yujyate | tathā hi - na tāvatsamānakālabhāvinā jñānāntareṇa cittacaittaṃ prakāśyata iti ghaṭate, upakāryopakārakatvābhāvāt , savyetaragoviṣāṇayoriva | nāpi bhinnakālabhāvinā , kṣaṇikatvāt , prakāśitavyasyaivābhāvāt | api ca yadi jñānaṃ svasaṃvedanaṃ na syāt , tadā jñāto'rtho iti durghaṭaḥ syāt , ' nāgṛhītaviśeṣaṇā budhdirviśeṣye varttate ' iti nyāyāt | tathā hi -artho viśeṣyaḥ , jñāta iti viśeṣaṇam , jñāto jñānena viśeṣita iti | jñānaṃ cetsvayaṃ na bodharupeṇa pratītaṃ , tatkathaṃ jñānena viśeṣito'rthaḥ pratīyatām | na hi daṇḍāgrahaṇe daṇḍino grahaṇaṃ yuktisaṅgatam | yaccoktaṃ trilocanena -
cakṣuṣo'grahaṇe'pi cākṣuṣaṃ rupaṃ pratīyate , tathā
jñānānavabodhe'pi jñāto'rtha iti ghaṭiṣyate ||iti||
tadasādhu | prastute'nupayogāt | na hi cakṣū rupasya viśeṣaṇam | kiṃ tarhi ? cakṣurvijñānāsaṃvedane kathaṃ jñāyatāmiti codyamakṣatameva ||
yatpunarjñānasya parokṣatvapratipādanāya bhaṭṭenoktam -
yathā ca rupādiprakāśanyathānupapatyā indriyasidhdiḥ , tathā jñānasyāpi sidhdiriti|
tathā hi tatra bhāṣyam -
na hi kaścidajñāte'rthe budhdimupalabhate | jñāte tvanumānādavagacchati iti||
vārtikaṃ ca -
tasya jñānaṃ tu jñātatāvaśāt |iti|
jñātatā ca viṣayaprākaṭyamucyate | tadapi cāyuktam | prākaṭyasyāpi jñānāt pṛthaktve viṣayarupatāyāṃ vyaktau jaḍarupatā , jaḍasya prakāśāyogāt | viṣayādarthāntaratve jaḍatāyāṃ tasyāpi svataḥ prakāśāyogāt | prākaṭayāntareṇa nu prakāśane'navasthā syāt | jñānasvabhāvatve prākaṭayasyāpi parokṣatvaprasaṅgaḥ | tato'vaśyaṃ jñānasya svasaṃvedanatvamabhidheyam | anubhavaprasidhdaṃ ca svasaṃvedanatva kathamapahnuyeta ? taduktam -
apratyakṣopalambhasya nārthadṛṣṭiḥ prasidhdayati | iti|
alaṅkārakāro'pyāha -
parokṣaṃ yadi tat jñānaṃ jñātamityeva tatkutaḥ |
parokṣasya svarupaṃ kastasya lakṣayituṃ kṣamaḥ ||iti||
nanu sarvajñānānāṃ svasaṃvedanapratyakṣatve ghaṭo'yamityādivikalpajñānasya nirvikalpakatvaṃ, pītaśaṅkhādijñānasyābhrāntatvaṃ ca kathaṃ na bhavet ? ucyate - vikalpajñānamapi svātmani nirvikalpameva | ghaṭo'yamityanena bāhyamevārtha vikalpayati , na tvātmānam | taduktam -
śabdārthagrāhi yadyatra jñānaṃ tattatra kalpanā |
svarupaṃ ca na śabdārthastatrādhyakṣamato'khilam ||iti||
bhrāntamapyātmanyabhrāntaṃ svaprakāśarupeṇaivāvabhāsanāt | asadviṣayatvācca bhrāntirucyate | taduktam -
svarupe sarvamabhrāntaṃ pararupe viparyayaḥ |iti||
tasmādanyathā prakāśāsidhdeḥ yadyamī prakāśante , tadā svahetoreva prakāśasvabhāvādutpannāḥ santaḥ prakāśanta iti svīkartavyam ||
yogipratyakṣanirupaṇam
bhūtārthabhāvanāprakarṣaparyantajaṃ yogijñānaṃ ceti | yogaḥ samādhiḥ , cittaikāgratālakṣaṇaḥ | niśśeṣavastutatvavivecikā prajñā| yogo'syāstīti yogī | yogino yat jñānaṃ tatpratyakṣam | kīdṛśaṃ taditi cet ? bhūtārthabhāvanāprakarṣaparyantajam |bhūtārthaḥ pramāṇopapannārthaḥ | bhāvanā punaḥ punaścetasi samāropaḥ | bhūtārthabhāvanāprakarṣaparyantājjātaṃ yadvijñānaṃ tat kalpanāpoḍhabhrāntam | bhūtārthaścaturāryasatya duḥkhasamudayanirodhamārgasaṃjñakam , pañcaskandhasvabhāvaṃ kṣaṇikaśūnyanirātmakaduḥkhādirupatayā pratipattavyam | yatsat tat kṣaṇikamityādyanumānena pramāṇopapannamupagantavyamiti ||
nanu bhāvanā vikalpaḥ , vikalpaścāvastuviṣayaḥ , tatkathaṃ vastunaḥ sphuṭībhāvo bhavatu | kathaṃ vā vikalpo nirvikalpatāṃ vrajet ? kṣaṇikaṃ ca citaṃ kathamekāgrībhavati? viśeṣaśca kasya kena vā kriyatām ? śarīrī ca rāgādivirahānmuktaśceti sarvamasaṃgatam | atrocyate - avastuviṣayo'pi vikalpo vastvadhyavasyatīti bhāvanāto vastuna evātra sphuṭībhāvaḥ | na ca vikalpa eva nirvikalpakaḥ, kiṃ tu vikalpānnirvikalpakasyodayaḥ | anubhavasidhdaṃ caitat bhāvayatāṃ nirvikalpakapratibhāsanaṃ , kāmaśokādivat | na hi dṛṣṭe kiñcidanupapannaṃ nāma | kṣaṇikamapi cittaṃ sajātīyakṣaṇeṣu grahaṇapravīṇatvāt ekāgramucyate | kṣaṇikatvanaiva viśeṣotpattiḥ , na tu nityatvena , nityasyānādheyātiśayatvāt yaduktam -
nityaṃ tamāhurvidvāṃso yaḥ svabhāvo na naśyati|
tasya śaktiraśaktirvā yā svabhāvena saṃsthitā|
nityavādapi kiṃ tasya kastāṃ kṣapayituṃ kṣamaḥ ||iti||
yattu śarīritve sukhaduḥkhayorbhāvādanugrahanigrahāt śarīrī rāgādivirahānmukta śceti vighaṭanamuktaṃ , tadayuktam | na hi śarīraṃ rāgādihetuḥ , kiṃ tu avidyā | anitye nityamiti , anātmanyātmeti , duḥkhe sukhamiti, aśucau śuciteti , caturvipayāsasvabhāvā mithyopalabdhiḥ | ata eva viṣayasukhatṛṣṇā syāt | ātmānaṃ nityaṃ paśyata eva sukhābhikāṅkṣaṇādisukhaheturātmīyaḥ syāt | eṣu cā''saṅgo rāgaḥ | etatpratibandhāśca dveṣādayaḥ | tasmādavidyaiva mūlaṃ rāgāderna tu śarīram | satyapi śarīre yadyavidyā na syāt , kuta eva rāgādiyogāḥ ? tasmājjīvaccharīre satyapi avidyāvirahāt sarvasaṅgavirahalakṣaṇā muktirvītarāgāṇāṃ bhavatīti sarvaṃ susthitam |
pratyakṣasya svalakṣaṇāviṣayatvasamarthanam
tasya viṣayaḥ svalakṣaṇam | tasya caturvidhasya pratyakṣasya svalakṣaṇaṃ viṣayo boddhavyaḥ | svalakṣaṇamityasādhāraṇaṃ vastusvarupaṃ deśakālākāraniyatam | etenaitaduktaṃ bhavati- ghaṭādirudakādyāharaṇasamartho deśakālākāraniyataḥ puraḥ prakāśamāno'nityatvādyanekadharmāntarodāsīnaḥ pravṛttiviṣayaḥ sajātīyavijātīyavyāvṛttaḥ svalakṣaṇamityarthaḥ |
ayogānyogavyavacchedayoḥ bhedaḥ
nanu yadi svalakṣaṇameva pratyakṣasya viṣayo na sāmānyaṃ tadānīṃ dhūmadahanasāmānyayorvyāptiḥ kathaṃ pratyakṣeṇa gṛhyatām ? nāyaṃ doṣaḥ | yato'yogavyavacchedena svalakṣaṇaṃ tasya viṣaya eva , na tvanyayogavyavacchedena svalakṣaṇameva tasya viṣaya iti | kiṃ tarhi , sāmānyamapyasya viṣayaḥ |
pramāṇa phala vyavasthā
dvividho hi pramāṇasya viṣayaḥ grāhyo'dhyavaseyaśca | tatra pratyakṣasya pratibhāsamānaṃ svalakṣaṇam eko grāhyaḥ | adhyavaseyastu pratyakṣapṛṣṭhabhāvino vikalpasya pratibhāsamānaṃ sāmānyameva | tacca sāmānyaṃ dvividham , ūrdhvatālakṣaṇaṃ tiryaglakṣaṇaṃ ceti | tatraikasyāmeva ghaṭādivyaktau sajātīyavyāvṛttāyāmanekakṣaṇasamudāyaḥ sāmānyaṃ ūrdhvatālakṣaṇaṃ sādhanapratyakṣasya viṣayaḥ | vijātīyavyāvṛttāstvanekavyaktayaḥ tiryaksāmānyaṃ vyāptigrāhakapratyakṣasya viṣayaḥ | anumānasya tu sāmānyaṃ grāhyaṃ , adhyavaseyastu svalakṣaṇameva | pratyakṣasya svalakṣaṇaviṣayapratipādane paroktāḥ ṣaṭ padārthā na viṣayā ityuktam yathā - avayavidravyaṃ , guṇaḥ, karma, sāmānyaṃ, viśeṣaḥ, samavāyaśceti| na caiṣāṃ pratyakṣe jñāne pratibhāso'sti | na cāpratibhāsamāno viṣayo yujyate, atiprasaṅgāt | tathā hi - ghaṭādau paridṛśyamāne pūrvāparādibhāgaṃ vihāya nānyatkiñcidekamavayavidravyamupalabhāmahe | yadāha nyāyaparameśvaraḥ -
bhāgā eva hi bhāsante sanniviṣṭāstathā tathā|
tadvānnaiva punaḥ kaścidvibhāgaḥ sampratīyate ||iti||
evaṃ guṇakarmādīnāṃ ca duṣaṇaṃ pratyetabyam ||
pramāṇaphalāvabodhaḥ
nanu pramitirupāṃ kriyāṃ phalabhūtāṃ niṣpādayajjñānaṃ pramāṇamiti prasiddham | tatra kā'sau pramitiḥ , yāṃ janajjñānaṃ pramāṇamiti cet ? ucyate -iha nīlāderarthāt jñānaṃ dvirupamutpadyate nīlākāraṃ , nīlabodhasvabhāvaṃ ca | tatrānīlākāravyāvṛtyā nīlākāraṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇam | anīlabodhavyāvṛtyā nīlabodharupaṃ pramitiḥ | saiva phalam | yathoktam -
arthasārupyamasya pramāṇam ,
arthādhigatiḥ pramāṇaphalam | iti||
etacca vikalpapratyayena bhinnaṃ vyavasthāpyate paramārthatastu nāstyeva bhedaḥ | yathoktam -
tadeva pratyakṣaṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇafalam | iti||
pramāṇatatphalayorabhedaḥ
sākāraṃ cedaṃ jñānameṣṭavyam | yadi punaḥ sākāraṃ jñānaṃ neṣyate , tadā'nākāratvena sarvatra viṣaye tulyatvāt vibhāgena viṣayavyavasthā na sidhyati| yatpunaḥ kecidāhuḥ-pūrvaṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇaṃ uttaraṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇaphalamiti , tanna yuktam | tathā hi prathamakṣaṇabhāvi tāvajjñānaṃ pramāṇaphalabhūtasya dvitīyajñānasyānutpatteḥ ,phalabhūtajñānotpattau ca pūrvasya kṣaṇikatvena vināśāt kathaṃ ghaṭādiviṣayaṃ jñānaṃ pramāṇaṃ bhavati ? nāpi samānakālabhāvi jñānaṃ phalamucitam , upakāryopakārakatvābhāvāt , savyetaragoviṣāṇayoriva |[tasmāt paramārthataḥ pramāṇaphalayornāsti bhedaḥ| kālpanikastu vyāvṛttikṛto bhedaḥ vikalpabuddhau vyavasthāpyate] ||
iti tarkabhāṣāyāṃ pratyakṣaparicchedaḥ prathamaḥ samāptaḥ ||